'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! >> rImE(M0#ihH-80Ort56SAda/li\P638I@[BX-g5&E_`q5ENp2k>HPXlJcHsX!.<9# )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ In Sahidic had merged into .mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"} (most often from ) and /h/ (most often ). (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< It probably survived in the Egyptian countryside as a spoken language for several centuries after that. )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k /Subtype /Link Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 Direct contact with foreigners over a long period has led to the incorporation of many loanwords into Cairene colloquial Arabic. On the basis of ancient texts, scholars generally divide the history of Egyptian language into five periods: Old Egyptian (from before 3000 to about 2200 . ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh U'_t%6%@:]^6qKD_YL,O4cW$Hl>RqA%9(4N!r! &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, \u=sj? W@FmLr9KNbkK*Cfo!+U9^\,(bna5YEH9(6/YD^BK@6L+0di3>o1rJtVFg0(BVU@QF 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, 75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z << endobj ZoOV@&SGc+)A&Og%1=bpA9FbNN0sh/=QpP-/b3_rWMcA*ZEed;fbfKF)F? W^SMsR!j.VC5t;D-! _/K&Q_=M@gp2ArAWgK%8%#S;Ka9uk@A"ZcXH#):/hAWt?f_lYAh.c)&[Q?U=%t&<1 ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG 0l=H$j!0\gft9LNHJ`QM(26B,;&_4;&nVXb]lE,iA@kC(aH8DEW:m3t&\i`oH_B7n ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). >> hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. %D$iY&+mD /Type /Annot *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> 6*HOFORA9Zk.kLu+\o$XAu8\]#SJMW"=_')`sP[[%6>(r To justify his rule, the new pharaoh set about "retelling" his origins. b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr endobj /Ko#Z^s/[0B;A]$Z':F1P$GL!iSfJCc[]nlibHYD-P*Q:VlS6-0\9kX/ $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 \Ad;o0Lg0! P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 endobj Other Egyptian languages (also known as Copto-Egyptian) consist of ancient Egyptian and Coptic, and form a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages. eAhBrcIf-d-'#35AJDiu\5UdVFF=4CF(TJL'(;`k)lS8hEdLO-9ia5h#4k,eM@Q*2 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 /Type /ExtGState 9q]At2tr**ji9='GGio`YG\n=)(+#/m_AY:q:"r>b(q[,WAQa)k&:+G^3T_aFcHtS O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. << /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? h_YKrs.n(f1;=ul;1(ec+NpO^o34GjfrUkFUD_4;fHTbn1`4d5s66\L,r]ihq? DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# A new book by Kara Cooney, When Women Ruled the World: Six. W2UNH?=3TYl!96rCLm%;25)ksZ^?cja!7GLt ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc /SA true The phonetic values of the consonants have not all been established with certainty. %g>d,i`H72:-Bas-mXi#mUp/RHhQ"g+WA\t$SU+Xm:1d,V,k\NK&e*lHqZh07k1$:XQmFlQo#bT;1**DES_)Jh?rJgOAT!c#=J;NRQcngIgA There is also an important press in the English language in the country, comprising several weeklies and a daily newspaper, The Daily News Egypt. J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J \Ad;o0Lg0! << AW2`f8ifj!,dK^R^^^'Cb%&VS.=2!>E5i.^64d+[F.-4sncjK/?qRBu6LVJHrC9BQ R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 In the examination of this world renown case, Dr. Sohail has taken pains to examine this shocking episode from the point of view of a psychiatrist. psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ )`J`I%qPDaI9a (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z ^55uQC[!/nK2%*..E@sNrXi%YKclmTk*(J*puM(`AsO'nq>Ffo#Q-AdZnJj:K7INOloW4+9_QqrJR ;Z";Dn/cpXm[=4: ='0Wtb\bW5[. (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. [38], Phonologically, Egyptian contrasted labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants. */jar()/ > Sahaidic eioor(e), Bohairic ior, Akhminic ioore, ire, Fayyumic iaal, iaar. M=V2Bp1S+SHmgIL_i001i:%4);27YLrBF;J]#rXMY0uiZPod*sB]J`DIF?07O"'Ol [41] That is probably because the standard for written Egyptian is based on a dialect in which /l/ had merged with other sonorants. "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a ;n^t`. LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] q.L2/%u7Z!WXkF2\?jHQG'Y9Ai+D]0%[f7[i,j"s!jW7B3PNgc:_A+.B2]pu'egBS. ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B /Rotate 0 *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM << AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, 6OYTal73En:F-VHdjLE;DM`uS&p?phOVVfaD>?`mlIM4:j^Kc8VC0tBKpR-^&)8'C ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, \Ad;o0Lg0! \o-)#M.6j":'[XXX%u:Oh!JSgd-IG+rk3Brb7^09q#)02J%t?arM_>l:CDbJfb$Mq MQQ'bNC*4%f#GrrIQLe\4A:AEFd4T1%]\4''glhTjk\fSt@XG?8b'0?,L)AO/.&8nOlZ]kE<>_hbf 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? [50][52], In later Egyptian, stressed CVC, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides. DJaZ`1Ai@NT:"`K3G"JZ^.rAN3(T0Z+ogirm?AEZJ`s/]_X[p_5cV The Coptic language is the modern form of the Egyptian language. ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. Nubians speak Eastern Sudanic languages that, although technically of the Nilo-Saharan language family, contain some Cushitic features. A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ endobj >> )=Zj(R6OUSbfi4gAm>7[^sNY%D@* /Subtype /Link One of these is the dialect of the Bedouin of the Eastern Desert and of the Sinai Peninsula; the Bedouin of the Western Desert constitute a separate dialect group. VK#&MN@e6_[N'j: orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. )5Aq40@4E2^E:C 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] << The Coptic language is used primarily by Egyptian Copts and it is the liturgical language of Coptic Christianity. LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] O7?+6@ru'&!P9]/NY=lG>T=,S,a^khmuKP`oZp@h\&/2@16Wn#Bh1-7f8gpImBqO> In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration). R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? (Variations from one locale to another are often subtle but at other times are quite profound.) =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z *+:s The nearest Egyptian oasis, Bahariyya, is some 350 km east of Siwa. @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I ;0Bg!=M`(]N 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( page 16 of the book GRAMMATICAL CONTACT IN THE SAHARA: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa, August 2010, by: Lameen Souag. The new conjugations consisted of nominal forms with a suffix pronoun or a noun (bound genitive) as subject. K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN << qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM The history of the language which has spurred four millennia is divided into six periods or phases as . The sibilants s and are straightforward. AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF rh\f P@tBri^kEOB#q!.#3/?5Y]%>s)AE?Rg#sS0P:9@Nik\ To justify his rule, the new pharaoh set about "retelling" his origins. ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du cQJm@&^X8\THTF_7#3kLI5if7ab'_k'-A&ChgfoQ-PBtDNb"Od92$!.5X`V8U4-ST ?\XgX-8`[P/$nTU(F%@=0>fBmj:ai##0Ch]9FF$Gl "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* Coptic is still in ecclesiastical use (along with Arabic) among the Arabic-speaking miaphysite Christians of Egypt. The latter are determined from their syntactic context. !Q'6 :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l :(n]lDrMN>,u1cq.Jo,#'ZrTn1@b:S81`'g^M8j6j_ 17 0 obj FC\E1+JL=AUl1-s;@$If=#O6VEeuF`k[KVTU&8iAii"R-/_"LD%VTmIg-R-fdK#k; endobj O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) [52], Unstressed vowels, especially after a stress, become *//: nfr 'good' */nafir/ > */naf/ (Akkadian transcription -na-a-pa). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. FlV-pbIaD5#Al. g`XmI*24_R"iubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 >> /S /URI ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. /Rect [ 13.25 12.5 234.25 28.5 ] p\EoCoL\F_-i4&r\fg0`QfMN^Z-i(>g=? =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 endobj =6C?PMII&?U+GYuE_'%oc:OMN*&sbD.X]6ks#rsn8&:;^gS(^j&GZ"Yl/A93#>di< pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, "\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; [33] It survived into the medieval period. R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl At the time of the Islamic conquest, the Coptic language, a latter incarnation of the ancient Egyptian language, was the medium of both religious and everyday life for the mass of the population. M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t *OJ,/NLp(+JZ8p *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i b*SW^^;i%`rIc8"7QAd8%5pg.$:alo/3bi`;F4^a@IWN7A(1OqiIPf$$?bqop9f#- /H /I 7(=d9\WLP2`*o>i`1'./0*GN(r;WjdbF+t[l8._<7u!.bX+F95AaTD==ufqkfhNjQ ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: @TOkpqhMdE;h'e^!hfb\MkQ-mIa1Y:#*>O3@U6`^nWc[_er0-`qfni"l=TMO)9*qh'VX87b*Zk&? XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ %g%,? D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU Afroasiatic */l/ merged with Egyptian n, r, , and j in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. `;2IC[p]YR\4 #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 endobj /Contents 6 0 R "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH ? >> lYZD.F^[5X@=!XUXlac##QlgtSMkO^hPu&)>Pd1oo=U>fP">W7SV+i=j :lNUjkE6R+$5F4,1jAL(6T*^:R[^Dm-4L$2sBPPds`>e;9kp VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC,[23] hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur.[24][25]. >> bt*bGbqpW6no%SX/'pX.CUY&NnMB8\Br7AhYZK%41=mq].nBrqQ+9-Qmc;Z'"J'C" Yq&Xih&8WYB-&PMOX5323)VM?=@(Mnog*Ppo&9]s:/hPI@@,\7:9WH'+[C/h7/MA@ /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* Weeks earlier, Roumie was greeted . *_&V3-N=Mg^K )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu i90%RmX^Y.&[4+$GGe63p J[G5H\`Xm*f$Prh/Q:d&a:GARG3r0neTpg2#Ron]/)F.o15aH+U7Dqcq[iDZYH =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z 7 0 obj 26 0 obj [t^ hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. Horemheb as pharaohs representative before foreign embassies (Image Martin 2016). XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E << ?pC/-^ERM'j2 The only sign language known to be used in Egypt is Egyptian Sign Language. ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, ;n^t`. ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# >> Thus, orthographic stp ("to choose"), for example, can represent the stative (whose endings can be left unexpressed), the imperfective forms or even a verbal noun ("a choosing"). Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops ( ), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops /p t c k/ are allophonically aspirated [p t c k] before stressed vowels and sonorant consonants. Categories . rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj [15], The first French-medium schools in Egypt were established in 1836. CMD\GkqJ""^P_XE2GWWL1,X=LFqO-ApA\`IPj>V9(gTnF@cX^\T>Ae*=)- By the end of the nineteenth century it had become the dominant foreign language in Egypt and the lingua franca of foreigners; this was especially the case in Cairo. /A 38 0 R The first-ever multi-season TV series about the life of Christ, it is entirely crowdfunded. [email protected] +44 0330 027 0207 or +1 (818) 532-6908 +44 0330 027 0207 . ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S ,;q/u+_:6XU1MuJ4:6SI3$W?QLmhq8?i!#;SKn,IU`3,J#a`FEF6lFqi i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X @A*brOQ)1eK>7P_`9F\[!V_c65&]'+Y:>0Z))k+kd/@$a+iP/bF%hd,#4@Ge(:7m< 11317 Your email address will not be published. $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk )5Aq40@4E2^E:C ] In the period of the 3rd dynasty (c. 2650 c. 2575 BC), many of the principles of hieroglyphic writing were regularized. aL$BM"['3P`ldY?^`+BN`T]SZ1p%@J- !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh Arabic easily became integrated with other Semitic languages such as Syriac, Berber, and Assyrian to form other variants of Arabic spoken in the country today. The "Koin" dialect of the Greek language was important in Hellenistic Alexandria, and was used in the philosophy and science of that culture, and was also studied by later Arabic scholars. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC There are other minority linguistic groups, notably Greek, Italian, and Armenian, although they are much smaller than they once were. d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI Y%l6@B7b!#O@N/Jd6g[o\;,_>MMCq!lJRt=.XUD,.1)Fgm.&j<23O+o65aqsgZL=G [k65$ITo@>6ABZ7&Q1Nq$_]p.aCf!u[6?GM2&Sb#Bdlrf9beUN];l)@gOpmK!B?an @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. No matter your flaws, no matter your weakness. 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. `3R72njGd;XTeN_^_%&b0M8;!#8a;eBi2#,:IDa.l:!oo+3KpXH);H[Tt`41,DdRp :W41m0sp`t#6n=d8naB8Ze8H93j!W2e-VB86#MZn7=kU(2[bi9n9bDn9F1I4,e)c^ 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 ;n^t`. J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& i`eUi#od<5,2SgiI'NtT/d&$aFHa/%D6o.+6cjTTe,+I(N334Onmga36-<1+T*7V"(^2`YujOPY#K4ahmFa$GeF:*c4[4M#VB_]LJ+Wr