Hashay hebelladeedii, dhirta ay huluusheen 5.Haradigeed: Waa 28 balli oo u dhexeeya Harafaafan-yar iyo Harahabaskuul. Halaaka iyo laandeyr ninkii, marin habaabaa leh Haga hagi hunguri duulayiyo, hogo kaliil baa leh, Harac iyo qabow lala herjado, hadh iyo raaxaa leh In 1875, Hassan's grandfather died, which came as a shock. Bal maxaa Hobyuu u dhigay, arladu kala hoyaad roone, Hargawaaxiddii baan ku dilay, tuugga haysha lehe document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan. Hashii hanaddadeedi, ku hamsiyey waraabuhu Maheli karaa ayagoo lagu codaynayo gabayadaan? Waxaana fiican inaan si fudud ku heli karno iyagoo cod ah. Aad iyo aad ayaan uga mahadcelinayaa walaalaha soo celiyay xikmadihii Sayidka ), Divine madness : Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856-1920), Seventeen trips through Somaliland and a visit to Abyssinia : with supplementary preface on the 'Mad Mullah' risings, Mohamed Abdulle Hassan : poete et guerrier de la Corne de l'Afrique, In pursuit of the "Mad" Mullah; service and sport in the Somali protectorate, Imperialismo e resistenza in corno d'Africa : Mohammed Abdullah Hassan e il derviscismo somalo (1899-1920), Thair min al-Sumal : al-Mulla Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Hasan, Taariikhdii daarawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, 1895-1921, Somaliland : correspondence relating to affairs in Somaliland, Ina Cabdille Xasan e la sua attivita letteraria, Mohammed Abdulle Hassan : African nationalism in Somalia, 1899-1920, Dabkuu shiday darwiishkii : riwaayad = The fire ignited by the Dervish movement, The warrior mullah : the Horn aflame, 1892-1920, Poetry in Somali politics : the case of Sayyid Mahammad 'Abdille Hasan, ( 2 talking about this. Hilif buu ka dhigaaye, Halacdheere1 miyaa! Sayyid Muhammad 'Abdille Hassan (1856-1920) was militant leader, a Sufi sheikh, and a renowned poet who led the most significant anti-colonial campaign against the colonial British. mashaAllah aad iyo aad ayaanu idiinka mahad celinaynaa sida dhamayska ah ee aad usoo qorteen amaba usoo ururiseen xikmadihii zeyid m.cabdulle Ilaah haw naxariistee. Hannaankiisa wanaaggiyo, haybaddiisa buruudka Book For the past century, Mohammed Abdulle Hassan has been widely regarded as the progenitor of Somalia's nationalism, a fierce proto-nationalist and indisputably the father of Somali nationalism. Sayyd Muhammad `Abd Allh al-Hasan (Somali language: Sayid Maxamed Cabdille Xasan , Arabic language: ) (April 7, 1856, in Buuhoodle, northern Somalia - December 21, 1920 in Imi, Ogaden) was a Somali religious and patriotic leader. Haldhaa meel fog ka muuqdaa, halqooqii bixinaayoo Dhexdu waa habheeboo, naftaad u hawalaysaaye 4.Iljeex: Xuseen Yuusuf Xirsi, wuxuu ka mid ahaa raggii abaabulay shirqoolkii Gurdumi. Hassan Mohamud-September 23, 2022. Mar hadduu hadaadumo, xarrago haybaddeed malehe 7 Ibid., 177-9. The peaceful communities between Bardera and Dolow to the Tana River in East Africa were long established before the late 19th century uprising of Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan. Halkaas ayuu Cali Xaaji ku yiri, War fardaha xabbadda dib uga qabta. Waxaa markiiba loo qaatay inuu baqay, maxaa yeelay Daraawiish waxaa caado u ahayd in haddii tacshiiraad ama laba lays dhaafsado ay cadawga jiiraan. Anyone At Any Age Can Memorize Up To 4 Pages of Quran in a Single Day! The Marehan Galti from the north and central Somalia were antagonistic. In answer to his appeal, Hassan attacked the Ethiopian garrison at Jijiga on 4 March of that year and successfully recovered all the looted animals. Ninkuu Sayidku ku halqabsaday, gabayganna usii dhiibay Daraawiishi war fiican kama bixin, wuxuuna Sayidku yiri: Xirsiyow hagaagtaye haddaad, hillinka qaadeyso He was a member of two powerful pastoral warrior Darod subclans. Aad iyo aad ayaan uga mahadcelinayaa walaalaha soo celiyay xikmadihii Sayidka, waxaana dheefle qof walba oo raaca xikmadihii raggii usoo halgamay Soomaali dalkeeda iyo dadkeeda. Khayr Alla ha idin siiyo shaqada fiican ee aad haysaan, halkaa ka wada hawsha. Guudka haydhafanaayoo, hareeraha marinaayo Iyaguba halaaggaan badey, la hundhuraayaane Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's fort in Taleex. Nasiibdarro geeraarrada inyar mooyee intoodii badnayd ma aannaan helin ee way lumeen. Young Hassan's hero was his maternal grandfather, Sade Mogan, who was a great warrior chief. Sayyida Moza was born in the city of Rustaq in approximately 1749, to a . They did not like him criticising their eating khat, gorging on the fat of sheep's tail and following their traditional Qadiriyyah order. The British withdrew from this area of their territory in Somalia. Ninka soo hadaafee yidhi, ilaxidh ii hoosa Waa niman masakhan oon ahayn, midhaha Daaroode 3. Indhuhuu holcinaayoo, holoc naara miyaa! It has now been succeeded by the electronic journal Islamic Africa, published by Northwestern University Press from 2010 (the first issue is available in open access). Background [ edit] Gabaygan gaaban waxay ulajeeddadiisu ahayd in loogu hal daro Darwiish la oron jirey Cali Xaaji Axmed Aaden oo ay Sayidka habrawadaag ahaayeen, Cali waxaa dhasay Balax Seed Magan, Sayidkana hooyadii waxaa la oron jiray Carro Seed Magan. Dalka kalena waxaa wada hulqiyo, huubo doora lehe Hashaan ku himbilyoodee, ku hanqaaray dunida Through his stirring oratory and didactic verse (some of his poems are considered classics in Somalia), Maxamed attracted a fanatical group of followers who became known as dervishes. Geeraarkan intaan hayno waxaannu ka qornay Cali Darmaan sannadkii 1957kii. ), Oral poetry and Somali nationalism : the case of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan, ( Iyo nimanka hooyadood ku oran, habartu waa dhuustay Halkan waxaa ku dhammaaday 120kii gabay ee aan gogoldhigga ku soo xusnay iyo 16 gabay oo rag kale mariyey isla markaana gabayada Sayidka iyo Daraawiishta xiriir la leh. Waagoo guduutay alaab gibila qaataan e Alle haa ku barkeeyo. Sudanic Africa was an international academic journal devoted to the presentation and discussion of historical sources on the Sudanic belt, published in sixteen volumes between 1990 and 2007. Sida geydhaha hawdoo, hugfanaaya miyaa! Haadaa qabiilnimo nimaan, lagu holayn baa leh, Hawa beena Soomaalidaa, hadafka raacdaa leh Iyana heer inay leeyihiin, hubantiday weeye, Nimanka hablaha soorta guri, ku hargawaaxaayey Waxaan ka qoray Xuseen Aabi Cilmi Xaasey l965kii. At a young age he showed great learning in the Qurn, and, during a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1894, he joined the aliyah, a militant, reformist, and puritanical f order. The journal presented historical sources relating to our field of interest in the original language and in translation, with comments. Haddaan hoyga u buuxsho, hanbo iigama reebe [2] The vision of Sayyid and his followers in Jubba was similar to that of people in Sudan and Egypt when the Ottoman Sultanate was retreating from those other Northeast African territories. 0. Dabadeed joonyad xoogaa dhar ihi ku jiro ayaa meeshii looga tegey, ka dib Sayidku gabay ayuu Cabdalla u mariyey, gabaygana waxaa loo bixiyey Hadaafaa: Xuseenow ninkii xididkiis hagraday, waa habaar qabe e Eebbow habheeb lama maree, hirifsanaa meeshu, Afartaas sidii heega roob, haw ma kaga siiyey Facebook. The British considered Berbera merely 'Aden's butcher's shop', since they were only interested in getting regular supplies of meat from Somalia through this port for their British India outpost of Aden. Hannaankiina nimankii yiqiin, weydinkii huraye, Haddaad diinta soo haybisaan, kuma hungowdeene Early in 1920, however, the dervish stronghold at Taalex (Taleh) was bombed, and Maxamed escaped to the Ogaden, where he died of influenza. Hadal ruma Daraawiishta iyo, weli hanoonaa leh 6 talking about this. Hassan received initiation and very rigorous spiritual training under Salih. In 1895, Hassan returned to Berbera. 1.Arag gabayga 26aad. Hirey iyo wirey maalintay, humuro joogtaa leh Haddaba, wixii khalad ama gef ah ee buuggan ka soo baxa, ulakac ma aha, sidaa ayaana lagu soo ururiyey iyadoo weliba raadintuna aad u daba dheerayd, wakhti badanna ay nagu qaadatay ururinta iyo qorista labadaba. Majeerteen majnuun inuu yahaan, marag u haystaaye 2. Nin magaciisa la oron jiray Cabdalla Cawl Maxamuud oo degmada Laasqoray u dhashay ayaa xarunta beryihii ay Daraawiishi calan-walleynaysay. During his campaign to gather fighting men in southern Somalia, Sayyid Mohamed received enormous support from the Marehan population, securing forces from the hinterland in northern Somalia to the length of the entire Jubba region in southern Somalia, from Serinley near Bardera to the coast. Ee tii wax hoomay tiara, kula haliilaayey . Nimankii jannow kacay war bay, jirin inshaalleeye. Hebraic Section), Library of Congress Authority File (English), 47 Hadalkii Cali Xaaji oo ahaa Fardaha rasaasta ka qabta! hadii Sayidka loo geeyay ayuu mariyey gabaygan oo wuxuu yiri: Caliyow habaaskii inaad, hadaftay lay sheegye Cabdullaahi Aaden Kiye oo reer Cali ahaa ayaa reer Haaruun nin ka dilay. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Hashaan huuraweynow, Subeyr Maxamed ka hantiyey Huwan muu u kaco kuma qaddeen, hodon qabeenkiiye, Hartidaba wax badan baa ku nool, hilib ugaareede Hashaan haaliguu riday, hanqar iyo madaafiic Gabaygan hoos ku qoran qof war buuxa naga siiya ama dhammaystira lama helin, wuxuu u eg yahay inuu Sayid Maxamed diray nin Darwiish ah oo la oron jiray Cigayoon, si uu uga war keena gaalo iyo waxay maaggan tahay. The most recent version of the data is from Book Dhawaan naga filo, inshaa-Allaah. Gabaygan waxaa tiriyay Sayid Maxamed Cabdile Xasan mudo hadda laga joogo 100 sano. Referred to as the Mad Mullah by the British, he established the Dervish State in Somalia that fought an anti-imperial war . Following in the footsteps of Hasan Nur, Hassan's father Abdille also led a religious life. Haddaad laabtob haysato gal link-igan si aad usoo dajisato Diiwaanka Sayidka isagoo PDF ah. waxba aanu ku hamkayn Gabaygan soo socda ujeeddadiisu waxay la socotaa Continue reading Xirsiyow Hagaagtay. Buugga isagoo PDF iyo DOC ah waan haynaa, waan soo gelinaynaa inshaa-Allaah, Maamule waxaan u malaynayaa in aan wali pdf kii buugan web soo galin. Gabayadii abwaan cali cilmi afyare. HORDHAC Sida la og yahay ummad kasta oo af, dhaqan iyo hidde wadaagta waxay leedahay murti iyo suugaan u gaar ah oo ay ku hirtaan. mar labaaadna waad mahadsan tahay, Your email address will not be published. updated. data for insight into the People and Organizations that create and serve as subjects Sayidii geddoodii la baray gaala qurunleeye "His successes attracted to his banner even Somalis who did not follow his religious beliefs." Gabaygan oo guubaabo. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Waa niman siddii Moolaadhabe, miciya dheerdheere 4. List of battleships of the United States Navy, 1920 conflict between British forces and the Dervish State, Articles containing non-English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, "1,000 Dervishes slain; British Rout the "Mad" Mullah's Forces in Somaliland", http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E10FC39541B728DDDAB0994D9405B848CF1D3, Honouring Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan, By Mohamed Bakayr, "Guled Asowe: We are Searching The Burial Place of Sayid Mohamed. He soon emerged as "a champion of his country's political and religious freedom, defending it against all Christian invaders." Harag uraya Muuse Carrihii, hoodhi jiray baa leh Upon returning to British Somaliland later that year, he began promoting anti-colonial resistance and eventually gathered an army of 12,000 men. When he asked them about their clan and parents, the Somali orphans replied that they belonged to the "clan of the (Catholic) Fathers." He built a luxurious palace for himself and kept new guards drawn from outcast clans. Sayyid Muhammad 'Abdille Hassan (1856-1920) was militant leader, a Sufi sheikh, and a renowned poet who led the most significant anti-colonial campaign against the colonial British. Hashuu hoogayey yiri, hohey! Hulqe aabbahaa baa ahaa, hogoshki dheeraaye Meeshay ku haasaawayeen, horay u sii joogso 929 views 9 months ago Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan Somali religious and military leader of the Dervish movement, which led a two-decade long confrontation with various colonial empires. Gabaygan gaaban waxay ulajeeddadiisu ahayd in loogu hal daro Darwiish la oron jirey Cali Xaaji Axmed Aaden oo ay Sayidka habrawadaag ahaayeen, Cali waxaa dhasay Balax Seed Magan, Sayidkana hooyadii waxaa la oron jiray Carro Seed Magan. Odayaashii tan iyo muddo dheer u guntaday inay uruuriyaan ka dibna qoraan buuggan, waxaa sharaf iyo abaalmarinba ugu filan inay wariyeen wixii mahadho Sayidka laga hayey, anaguna waxay naga mutaysteen mahad iyo ammaan. Dhiirragelin, iyo tilmaanba ah ayuu Sayidku mariyay, Darwiishkuna markuu soo noqday gabay buu ku warramay. Xaygu uu holliitaayo, hiraraysay miyaa! Hashuu ka hanfariiree, hubin waayey jeerkii aamiin. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The findings demonstrated the power of data mining over the worlds largest set of bibliographic metadata Haad iyo haldhaa roori iyo, huguf gammaan baa leh Gabaygan hoos ku qoran qof war buuxa naga siiya ama dhammaystira lama helin, wuxuu u eg yahay inuu Sayid Maxamed diray nin Darwiish ah oo la oron jiray Cigayoon, si uu uga war keena gaalo iyo waxay maaggan tahay. Sayyid Mohammed Abdulle Hassan is a hero, the father of Somali nationalism and the man that stood up to repulse the British pigs and their Ethiopian christian allies that united to subjugate us and change our way of life. 2.Warfaa Xirsi Khalaf. Hadduu niriggu heeryada ka rido, hoogay! 2.Gobobkii: Gobab Burco ku yaal oo hadda loo yaqaan, Gobabkii Ina-Igarre. Arab baa leh, Xaal hadura Habaryoonis iyo, Herer nin joogaa leh Wuxuuna Sayidku yiri: Midabkiisu halyeygoo, hiribboo kala noocoo languages and Publications are increasingly becoming available in electronic format (CD-ROM and/or online editions).BRILL is proud to work with a broad range of scholars and authors and to serve its many customers throughout the world. Hawiye iyo Daaroodba waa, hayb ka gooniyahe ), Divine madness : Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856-1920), Seventeen trips through Somaliland and a visit to Abyssinia : with supplementary preface on the 'Mad Mullah' risings, Mohamed Abdulle Hassan : poete et guerrier de la Corne de l'Afrique, In pursuit of the "Mad" Mullah; service and sport in the Somali protectorate, Imperialismo e resistenza in corno d'Africa : Mohammed Abdullah Hassan e il derviscismo somalo (1899-1920), Thair min al-Sumal : al-Mulla Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Hasan, Taariikhdii daarawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, 1895-1921, Somaliland : correspondence relating to affairs in Somaliland, Ina Cabdille Xasan e la sua attivita letteraria, Mohammed Abdulle Hassan : African nationalism in Somalia, 1899-1920, Dabkuu shiday darwiishkii : riwaayad = The fire ignited by the Dervish movement, The warrior mullah : the Horn aflame, 1892-1920, Poetry in Somali politics : the case of Sayyid Mahammad 'Abdille Hasan, ( Geeraarka soo socda waa ammaan faras, ha yeeshee faraska loo la jeeday wax sheega lama arag, geeraarku waa Continue reading Midabkiisu Halyey. Waxaa la yiri dagaalkii Ruuga ee Koofil ayaa lagu dilay Cali Xaaji Axmed oo fardaha Daraawiisheed buu madax ka ahaa, markii dagaalka foodda la is geliyey asaan wali la isu jilib dhigin, ayaa gaalkii girligaan Daraawiishta ku afuufay. Nimankii hubka caddaa midgaan, hoorle laga yeelye In 1908 he began his holy war again, winning a major victory at Dulmadobe in 1913. Updates? Dabadeed Sayidku si uu reer usoo jiito, wuxuu damcay inuu laba reer fidno, dagaal, iyo guubaabo ka dhex abuuro si aanay gaashaanbuur u noqon oo Daraawiish uga soo horjeesan.ee ay Daraawiish ugu soo biiraan. On 21 December 1920, Hassan died of influenza at the age of 64, his grave is believed to be somewhere close to Imi town of the Somali region of Ethiopia; however, the exact spot of the Sayid's grave is unknown, a matter that has concerned and occupied the Somali people. The dead included the British officer who commanded the constabulary, Colonel Richard Corfield. Dheguhuu hulkinaayoo. This glossary lists terms that are used in various places in the religion and country profiles. This enraged Hassan and he sent a very brief and curt reply refuting the allegation. Adaa mudan walaal waad ku mahadsan tahay soo booqashada aad nasoo booqatay. Waxaan kaa codsanayaa innaad 5 Inkastoo Sayidku gabaygan dadoo dhan wada mariyey, haddana ujeeddada ugu weyni waxay ahayd Cali Jaamac in loogu hal daro. [1] This defeat forced Sayyid and his remaining men to flee to Majeerteen country. Qof kasta oo gabay hubaal ah ka haya Diiwaankaan ama taariikhdii Daraawiisheed, iwm. 5.Hiirad Nuur. Masoo Gaadhay Gaal iyo Wadaad Gaadh Uwada Taagan? Wixii gabay, geeraar iyo jiifto Sayidka laga hayey, oo saddex cay ah oo gaaban nisbadooduna aynan sugnayn maahee, intii kale halka ayey ku dhan yihiin. Waa laba hiyoo kala fogaan, haab isu lahayn dheh, Haaruun inuu dilay la maqal, horiyihiinnii dheh Sidii aar hala laayayoo, dagaal loo harareentay On October 27, President Donald Trump announced that the United States had killed Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi in a raid in northwestern Syria's Idlib Province. Haamaan idiin shubi lahaa, halab karuurkeede 93 Isagaan hul lahayn buu, hulqihii lalmiyaayoo Hashaan haaruf dhogorrow, haaruun u quursaday Iyana heer inay leeyihiin, hubantiday weeye, Raggii hiirta waaberi, dillaal hadalladuu roori His great grandfather, Sheikh Ismaan of Bardee, was a pious man of great repute who left his homeland slightly north of Qelafo along the Shebelle River valley in what is now the Ogaden and migrated southwards to settle with the religious Somali community at Bardera along the Jubba River. Hashey gaalka Herer jiraa, qaylageyska u hudeen Sayid Maxamed wuxuu ka mid yahay abwaannada waaweyn ee taariikhda Soomaalida meel ka galay. Oo aan futada haawineyn, hogobka aad mooddo ), Oral poetry and Somali nationalism : the case of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan, ( Email or phone: Password: Forgot account? 8 Abdi Sheik-Abdi, Divine Madness: Mohammed 'Abdulle Hassan (1856-1920), London: Zed Press 1994, 178-81. Some say he was born in Kirrit in northern Somalia. Iyana heer inay leeyihiin, hubantiday weeye, Muusecarraha haragga iyo, hoorka xiranaaya updated. languages and Waxay ka hanfariireenba waa, huubo dooro lehe. Adaa mudan walaal. Qumbo lala hagoogtiyo hilbiyo, hawl yar ari baa leh Bal inaad halyey leedihiin, la hubsan dooneeye Diiwaanka gabayadii Sayid Maxamad Cabdulle Xasan (Mogadishu 1974). Hanqarkii rasaastaa wadnuhu, la halcanaaye Your email address will not be published. Run ahaati wa taarikh aad u adgty si fudud in lagu soo ururiyo To harness Ogaden enthusiasm into final commitment, Hassan married the daughter of a prominent Ogaden chieftain and in return gave his own sister, Toohyar Sheikh Adbile, to Abdi Mohammed Waale, a notable Mohammed Subeer elder. Aad ayaad umahadsan tihiin walaalayaal bahda soo tabisay gabayadaan waan jeclaan lahaa inaad ku soo dartaan gabay hooyo wiilkeeda uqaadi. October 29, 2019. Waa nimanka haybtoodu tahay, Haashinkaas kore e, Waa nimanka deeqi hanbaday, hibo Ilaaheeye Waxaa jirto oo weliba hubaal ah, in gabayada Diiwaankan ku qoran ay dadka qaarkii ku adag yihiin, laakiin waxaannu idin la socodsiinaynaa in aysan shaqadii buuggu weli dhammaan. Haween kalese ma waayine, maxaa hawdka soo mariyey! Hashuu hawdka jaree, haaruhu ku gaareen Hawraarta gabay lama bashee, hilin ma qaadsiiyey Guud ahaan waxay gabayadaasi muujinayaan dhaqankii Soomaalida iyo heerkii suugaantu waqtigaas joogtay. Hashaan sumadda hororka ah, halka luqunta kaga dhigay The forts of Hassan were damaged and his army suffered great losses. Interest. waa fikirkayga walaal. Sayid Maxamed wuxuu ka mid yahay abwaannada waaweyn ee taariikhda Soomaalida meel ka galay. The British, Ethiopian Emperor Menelek II, and a small numbers of Somalis then joined together to crush Hassan's Dervish movement. Halkan waxaa ku dhammaaday 120kii gabay ee aan gogoldhigga ku soo xusnay iyo 16 gabay oo rag kale mariyey isla markaana gabayada Sayidka iyo Daraawiishta xiriir la leh. Hiriiryii ku dhigeenoo, halow yeeshay miyaa! Sudanic Africa Hammuunta iyo gaajada ninkaan, haysan baa qaba e Haawiyadaa naareed ninkii, fereenji haystaa leh, Iiddoorka hoosada Berbera, ka hawisaa hey! identifiers. He has been the acting president of Somalia and interim speaker of the Federal Parliament. Qamaanow1 hiddada meel san baa, lagu hagaajaaye Abdille married several Dhulbahante women by whom he had about 30 children, of which Hassan was the eldest. Hashaan hillinka Doollood1, habaqle ugu jiilaa Three years later, along with two uncles and eleven other companions some of whom were his maternal kin, Hassan went to Mecca to perform the Hajj. Mahadsanid Sidaas awgeed ciddii haysa gabay Daraawiisheed, mid ay mariyeen iyo mid loo mariyeyba, fadlan soo gudbi, waa taariikh isla markaana waa lagama maarmaan in la qoro oo la diiwaan geliyo si aanay u lumin ee ay murti dhaxalgal ah ugu noqoto jiilalka dambe. In the beginning of 1920, the British struck the Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated air and land attack and inflicted a stunning defeat. Maasha Allaah, waad ku mahadsan tihiin dadaalka iyo juhdiga aad soo geliseen diiwaankan. He was an inspiring poetic oratora skill prized in Somaliawho framed opposition to the British as a religious struggle, or jihad.
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